為(wei)全面掌握(wo)我國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)受(shou)威(wei)脅狀況，提(ti)高生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保護的科(ke)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和有效性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，2008年，生(sheng)態環境(jing)部(bu)（原環境(jing)保護部(bu)）聯合中國(guo)科(ke)學(xue)院(yuan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)了(le)《中國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)紅色(se)名(ming)(ming)錄》的編(bian)制工作，并于2013年9月(yue)、2015年5月(yue)先后發(fa)布《中國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)紅色(se)名(ming)(ming)錄—高等(deng)植物(wu)(wu)卷(juan)》《中國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)紅色(se)名(ming)(ming)錄—脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)卷(juan)》。2018年5月(yue)22日，在第25個(ge)“國(guo)際生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)日”專題(ti)宣傳活動(dong)(dong)上，生(sheng)態環境(jing)部(bu)聯合中科(ke)院(yuan)又發(fa)布了(le)《中國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)紅色(se)名(ming)(ming)錄—大型真菌卷(juan)》。

《中國(guo)(guo)生物多(duo)樣(yang)性紅(hong)色名錄(lu)》的評估工作是一(yi)項規模龐(pang)大的系統工程，歷時十年，匯集了全國(guo)(guo)600多(duo)位專(zhuan)家，對(dui)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)已知的高等植物、脊椎動物（海洋魚類除外）和大型真菌受威(wei)脅狀(zhuang)況進行了全面(mian)評估，是全球迄(qi)今為止評估物種(zhong)數量最(zui)(zui)大、類群(qun)范圍最(zui)(zui)寬、覆蓋地域最(zui)(zui)廣(guang)、信息最(zui)(zui)全、參與專(zhuan)家人數最(zui)(zui)多(duo)的評估。主要成(cheng)果如下：

第一，完善了(le)(le)(le)我(wo)國(guo)生物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)信息。評估(gu)統(tong)計了(le)(le)(le)34450 種(zhong)(zhong)（含種(zhong)(zhong)下等(deng)級）高(gao)等(deng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)、4357種(zhong)(zhong)脊椎動物(wu)(wu)和(he)9302種(zhong)(zhong)大(da)型真菌，完善了(le)(le)(le)中國(guo)高(gao)等(deng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)名錄，確(que)定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)中國(guo)脊椎動物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)豐富度在世(shi)界的(de)排名，對我(wo)國(guo)已知的(de)14511個(ge)大(da)型真菌物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)名稱進行整理、核對和(he)訂正(zheng)，確(que)認了(le)(le)(le)9302個(ge)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)。

第二(er)，補充完(wan)善了 IUCN 紅色(se)名錄評(ping)估(gu)等級(ji)標準(zhun)(zhun)體系。根據不(bu)同(tong)生物(wu)類群的生物(wu)學(xue)特性，完(wan)善了評(ping)估(gu)標準(zhun)(zhun)，解決了爬行(xing)類、兩棲類與內(nei)陸(lu)魚(yu)類瀕危等級(ji)評(ping)定中出現(xian)的難題，填(tian)補了大型真菌(jun)紅色(se)名錄評(ping)估(gu)標準(zhun)(zhun)的空白，為國際紅色(se)名錄評(ping)估(gu)工作(zuo)貢(gong)獻(xian)了中國智(zhi)慧(hui)。

第(di)三，對中國高等植物(wu)(wu)(wu)、脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)大型真菌受威(wei)(wei)脅狀況進行了分類評估。評估結果顯示，我國34450種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高等植物(wu)(wu)(wu)中，絕(jue)(jue)(jue)滅(mie)27 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，野外(wai)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)滅(mie)10 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，地區絕(jue)(jue)(jue)滅(mie)15 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，極(ji)危(wei)(wei)583 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，瀕危(wei)(wei)1297 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，易(yi)危(wei)(wei)1887 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，近危(wei)(wei)2723 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，無危(wei)(wei)24296 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，數據缺乏(fa)3612 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。受威(wei)(wei)脅物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（極(ji)危(wei)(wei)、瀕危(wei)(wei)和(he)易(yi)危(wei)(wei)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）共計3767 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，約占植物(wu)(wu)(wu)總數的10.9%。

4357 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)脊椎動物(wu)中，滅(mie)絕4 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、野外滅(mie)絕3 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、區(qu)域滅(mie)絕10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、極(ji)瀕(bin)185種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、瀕(bin)危(wei)288種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、易危(wei)459種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、近危(wei)598 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、無危(wei)1869種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、數據(ju)缺(que)乏941 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。受威脅脊椎動物(wu)共計(ji)932 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占被評估(gu)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總(zong)數的21.4%。

9302種(zhong)大型(xing)真菌中，疑似滅(mie)絕1種(zhong)，極危(wei)9種(zhong)、瀕危(wei)25種(zhong)、易危(wei)62種(zhong)、近危(wei)101種(zhong)、無危(wei)2764種(zhong)、數據不(bu)足6340種(zhong)。受威(wei)脅大型(xing)真菌97種(zhong)，占評估(gu)物種(zhong)總數的1.04%。

第四(si)，評估了我國生物(wu)(wu)多樣性受(shou)威脅(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)原因(yin)。高等植物(wu)(wu)瀕危(wei)滅絕的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)因(yin)素是(shi)生境(jing)退(tui)化或喪(sang)失(shi)，其中農林牧(mu)副漁業發展帶來的(de)(de)影(ying)響最大。脊椎動物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種瀕危(wei)滅絕的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原因(yin)是(shi)人(ren)類活動導致的(de)(de)生境(jing)喪(sang)失(shi)和(he)退(tui)化以(yi)及過度(du)利用，非法貿易(yi)則是(shi)珍稀脊椎動物(wu)(wu)瀕危(wei)的(de)(de)原因(yin)。全球環(huan)(huan)境(jing)變化、修(xiu)建水(shui)電站和(he)水(shui)利設(she)施、水(shui)體(ti)和(he)土(tu)壤(rang)污染影(ying)響了水(shui)鳥、爬(pa)行類、兩棲(qi)類和(he)內陸(lu)魚類生存。食藥用大型真菌的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)威脅(xie)(xie)因(yin)子(zi)是(shi)過度(du)采挖和(he)開發利用，以(yi)及不良(liang)的(de)(de)采挖方(fang)式。地衣的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)受(shou)威脅(xie)(xie)因(yin)素是(shi)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)污染和(he)生境(jing)退(tui)化。

我國高度(du)重(zhong)視生物(wu)(wu)多樣性保(bao)護(hu)，并不斷加大工作力度(du)。本次紅色名錄(lu)評估結果顯示，朱鹮、藏羚(ling)羊、德保(bao)蘇(su)鐵等(deng)(deng)一批(pi)國家重(zhong)點保(bao)護(hu)物(wu)(wu)種和瀕(bin)危(wei)物(wu)(wu)種得到較好保(bao)護(hu)，野外種群(qun)得到恢(hui)復，受威(wei)脅(xie)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)下(xia)降(jiang)。但同時(shi)，由(you)于資源(yuan)過(guo)度(du)利(li)用、環境(jing)污染(ran)、棲息(xi)地(di)破壞等(deng)(deng)因素(su)，也有部分(fen)物(wu)(wu)種瀕(bin)危(wei)程度(du)加劇(ju)，受威(wei)脅(xie)等(deng)(deng)級(ji)上升(sheng)。如長江江豚(tun)數量急劇(ju)減少(shao)，由(you)瀕(bin)危(wei)上升(sheng)為極(ji)危(wei)，爪(zhua)哇(wa)金(jin)絲燕(yan)因采集燕(yan)窩由(you)無危(wei)上升(sheng)為極(ji)危(wei)，鰣魚由(you)于過(guo)度(du)捕撈等(deng)(deng)原因，由(you)瀕(bin)危(wei)上升(sheng)為極(ji)危(wei)。

《中國生(sheng)物多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)紅色名錄》的(de)發(fa)布為制定生(sheng)物多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)保(bao)(bao)護政(zheng)策和規劃(hua)的(de)制定提(ti)供科(ke)學(xue)依據，為開展(zhan)生(sheng)物多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)科(ke)學(xue)研究提(ti)供數據基礎(chu)，為公眾參與生(sheng)物多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)保(bao)(bao)護創造必(bi)要條(tiao)件(jian)，是貫徹落(luo)實《中國生(sheng)物多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)保(bao)(bao)護戰略與行(xing)動(dong)計(ji)劃(hua)（2011-2030年）》和履(lv)行(xing)《生(sheng)物多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)公約》的(de)具體行(xing)動(dong)，必(bi)將(jiang)對生(sheng)物多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)保(bao)(bao)護與管理產生(sheng)深遠的(de)影響。