2018中非合(he)作論壇北京峰會于9月3-4日舉行(xing)。聯合(he)國(guo)副(fu)秘(mi)書長兼聯合(he)國(guo)環(huan)境(jing)署執(zhi)行(xing)主任(ren)埃里克·索爾(er)海姆發表(biao)署名(ming)文章，稱(cheng)贊中國(guo)在打擊珍稀野生動物交易及建(jian)設生態文明方面取(qu)得(de)的成績，表(biao)示相(xiang)關(guan)經驗尤其(qi)值得(de)非洲國(guo)家借(jie)鑒(jian)。

一(yi)名偷獵老手可以惟(wei)(wei)妙惟(wei)(wei)肖地(di)模仿(fang)大(da)象(xiang)(xiang)被(bei)殺死(si)時發(fa)出(chu)的尖叫聲，還(huan)能繪聲繪色地(di)描述一(yi)頭大(da)象(xiang)(xiang)看到(dao)同伴倒地(di)時哀(ai)嚎的景(jing)象(xiang)(xiang)。他們還(huan)知道，當(dang)母象(xiang)(xiang)被(bei)殺死(si)后，幼象(xiang)(xiang)會圍著她殘(can)破的尸體，在悲痛中等待自己的死(si)亡。

Veteran poachers have killed so many elephants that they can often imitate the screams the animals make when speared. They can tell you how other elephants howl in distress when they see one of their own felled. Calves have been known to circle the disfigured body of their mother for days in mourning, even until their own death.

 象(xiang)(xiang)是(shi)大(da)自然(ran)的(de)(de)杰作(zuo)(zuo)，它們聰敏智慧，卻遭受如此野蠻對待，全然(ran)因(yin)為人類對象(xiang)(xiang)牙(ya)等光(guang)鮮亮(liang)麗的(de)(de)物(wu)件(jian)的(de)(de)貪(tan)念和欲望。早期的(de)(de)西方殖民(min)者最先有了對象(xiang)(xiang)牙(ya)的(de)(de)需求，在(zai)當(dang)時，象(xiang)(xiang)牙(ya)是(shi)至高的(de)(de)獎(jiang)賞；時至今日，消費(fei)水平的(de)(de)提升(sheng)極大(da)地推高了象(xiang)(xiang)牙(ya)需求，而(er)偷獵活動也“進化(hua)”到了產業化(hua)運作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)程度。

Behind the savagery visited on these magnificent, highly sensitive and intelligent creatures lies greed and a desire for shiny objects – sometimes rooted in trends, and sometimes tradition. It began with the early white settlers, with ivory becoming one of the great prizes of the colonial era. In recent years, however, demand has skyrocketed to match the rise in global consumer wealth, and poaching has reached an industrial scale.

過(guo)去十年，偷(tou)獵者為了獲取(qu)象牙(ya)殺死了十萬多頭非洲(zhou)象，超過(guo)非洲(zhou)象種群總數的四分(fen)之(zhi)一。許多象牙(ya)被(bei)運往(wang)亞洲(zhou)地區，制作成飾品(pin)供(gong)人們交(jiao)易，成為身份(fen)和地位的象征。

Over the past decade, poachers have slaughtered more than 100,000 African elephants for their ivory – more than one quarter of the population. Many of the tusks ended up in China and other parts of Asia, where they were turned into trinkets and marketed as status symbols.

這些非(fei)法交易在迫害(hai)大(da)象的同時，也給那些腐敗(bai)分子和(he)犯罪集團帶去了巨大(da)利益，世界(jie)和(he)諧(xie)穩定受到威脅。

Elephants are not the only victims. The illegal trade has generated enormous profits that feed corruption and financial criminal cartels, stoking instability around the world.

為響應1989年起實施的國(guo)際禁令，中國(guo)宣布全(quan)面禁止象牙(ya)交易(yi)，這一決定值得(de)高度贊揚，它也明確傳達出了中國(guo)的立場：中國(guo)會(hui)成為世界環(huan)保行動的領(ling)軍者。

That is why China’s decision to ban the sale of ivory nationally, to come in line with the international ban that has been in place since 1989, deserves huge praise. The government ban will shut down the legal trade in ivory, and establish a new narrative for China’s worldview: as a leader for environmental action.

通過調(diao)查(cha)發現，在中(zhong)國三大城市中(zhong)有(you)95%的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)支持全面禁止象(xiang)牙(ya)貿易(yi)，并相信禁止此類貿易(yi)有(you)助于保(bao)護非洲象(xiang)。而就(jiu)幾年前，類似(si)的(de)(de)調(diao)查(cha)顯示大多數人(ren)(ren)都(dou)不(bu)知道獲取完整的(de)(de)象(xiang)牙(ya)需要殺死(si)一頭大象(xiang)，很多人(ren)(ren)以(yi)為(wei)拔掉象(xiang)牙(ya)不(bu)會對(dui)大象(xiang)造(zao)成什么傷害(hai)。

Surveys in China’s three largest cities found that 95 percent of people supported the ban because they believed it would protect African elephants. Only a few years ago, similar surveys found that average people did not even realize that an elephant had to die to obtain ivory – as the word for ivory in Chinese means tooth – many people thought it was gathered without harm.

禁令得到了大多數的(de)人支持確實(shi)是(shi)一(yi)個重大勝利，不(bu)過終結對大象的(de)屠殺(sha)還有很長的(de)路要(yao)走。和黑市交(jiao)易(yi)相比，過去合法的(de)象牙交(jiao)易(yi)本來就只是(shi)冰山一(yi)角，消滅非法象牙交(jiao)易(yi)才是(shi)真正的(de)挑戰所在。

That the ban has such widespread support is a major victory. The fight to end the slaughter, however, is far from over. While the ban sends a strong message that ivory products are now taboo, the legal trade is only a very small part of the problem.

所謂“沒有買賣(mai)就沒有傷(shang)害”，贏得這場大象保(bao)衛戰(zhan)的關鍵在于減少需求。轉變人們的思想需要有一個過(guo)程(cheng)，然而非洲象卻等不(bu)起。我們要馬(ma)上(shang)行動起來，做出切(qie)實改變。我們要從供應(ying)鏈(lian)下手，加強執法力度，打(da)擊走私犯罪(zui)團(tuan)伙，阻斷大規模的互(hu)聯網貿(mao)易(yi)，破(po)壞(huai)他們藏匿(ni)資金的避稅渠道。中非之間可(ke)以進(jin)行更(geng)高級別的安(an)保(bao)合作(zuo)，確保(bao)以上(shang)舉措(cuo)有效(xiao)實施。

The bigger battle lies in tackling the far larger illegal trade. Reducing demand will be a key weapon in this fight but changing minds takes years of hard work – time that the world’s dwindling population of elephants may not have. It is essential that we also come down hard on the supply chain. This means tackling the booming internet trade, strengthening law enforcement, smashing the criminal cartels running smuggling operations and disrupting the tax havens where they stash their money. Much of this will require improved security cooperation between China and countries in Africa where the slaughter, and initial trafficking, takes place.

 當前，中(zhong)(zhong)國在非(fei)(fei)洲的影響力(li)持續擴大，加(jia)上“一帶一路”倡議的推進，這種影響力(li)會進一步(bu)提(ti)升。在非(fei)(fei)洲的中(zhong)(zhong)國僑(qiao)民(min)(min)人(ren)數超過100萬(wan)人(ren)，大部分非(fei)(fei)洲國家中(zhong)(zhong)都活躍著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)國企業的身影。在非(fei)(fei)洲民(min)(min)眾(zhong)心(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)國的聲譽也很不(bu)錯，一項調查(cha)顯示，70%的非(fei)(fei)洲人(ren)表示對中(zhong)(zhong)國持積極(ji)態度。

China’s influence in Africa is growing, and with the Belt and Road Initiative, it is certain to grow further. There are more than one million Chinese expats living in Africa. Chinese firms have a strong foothold in most of its 54 countries. China’s reputation on the continent is also broadly positive. In attitude surveys, 70 percent of Africans say they view the country positively.

通過加強(qiang)信息共享，中非雙方可以更有效地(di)攜手遏制偷(tou)獵(lie)、走私活動(dong)，打擊犯(fan)罪集團。中方應進一步加強(qiang)執(zhi)法力(li)度，而(er)非方應在(zai)發(fa)展當(dang)地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態旅游和其他(ta)產(chan)業(ye)過程中給(gei)予專業(ye)指導，當(dang)人們有更多方式(shi)謀生(sheng)(sheng)，就(jiu)無需去偷(tou)獵(lie)，這就(jiu)從根本上消除了非法狩獵(lie)的動(dong)機。

Better intelligence sharing with African countries could seriously disrupt the smuggling rackets and break the cartels. China could also strengthen anti-poaching teams – the embattled first line of defence against poachers – and support institutions that tackle corruption, including police and customs officials at African ports. Africa also needs expertise in eco-tourism and alternative livelihood programs that undermine the financial incentives for poaching.

此外(wai)，中(zhong)國企業也可(ke)以在生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)保(bao)護(hu)事業中(zhong)有所作為。前不(bu)久，馬云代表(biao)阿(a)里巴巴公(gong)益基金會(hui)(hui)和桃花(hua)源生(sheng)態(tai)保(bao)護(hu)基金會(hui)(hui)來到南非開普敦(dun)，為50名一線野生(sheng)動物巡護(hu)員(yuan)(yuan)頒(ban)獎(jiang)。他在頒(ban)獎(jiang)儀式上做出(chu)(chu)承(cheng)諾，支持野生(sheng)動物保(bao)護(hu)，并指出(chu)(chu)野生(sheng)動物巡護(hu)員(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)一項高危職業，不(bu)僅需要(yao)在財(cai)力上給予支持，還需要(yao)技術等其他資源的支持。

Chinese businesses can also get involved. I was in South Africa recently for the African Ranger Awards Ceremony, where Jack Ma, the co-founder of Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba, pledged his support for wildlife conservation. He said rangers should not only be given monetary support, but also the resources and technology they need to carry out their dangerous work. That’s a great example of the positive role Chinese businesses can play.

歷史會記住(zhu)中國(guo)為(wei)世界做出的貢獻。現在，中國(guo)儼然(ran)成(cheng)為(wei)非洲象和(he)其它珍(zhen)稀(xi)物種的救星，讓這些大(da)自然(ran)留給我們的生靈有(you)地可(ke)棲。

Such steps could well see China go down in history as the saviour of the African elephant and other precious species – something that would be an incredible legacy.

回到(dao)中國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)內，中國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)府正在下(xia)大氣力應對(dui)嚴(yan)峻(jun)的環境問題。中國(guo)(guo)啟用了(le)(le)世界上最大規模(mo)的空(kong)氣質量監測系統檢測霧霾，設計更加宜居節能的城市，投(tou)資綠(lv)色能源。在可再生能源領域，中國(guo)(guo)投(tou)入了(le)(le)數(shu)百億美(mei)元，比其(qi)他任(ren)何國(guo)(guo)家都(dou)多，并證明了(le)(le)經濟增長不(bu)需要高污(wu)染排放為代價(jia)。中國(guo)(guo)的這些變(bian)化可喜(xi)可賀(he)，而其(qi)他國(guo)(guo)家如果想要減少(shao)資源消耗同時提升(sheng)人們生活(huo)質量，不(bu)妨向中國(guo)(guo)學習。

At home, China has made a series of giant strides toward addressing some of the country’s toughest environmental challenges. It has installed the largest air-quality monitoring systems in the world to combat the smog that shrouds its cities. It is designing better, more energy-efficient cities and investing in cleaner forms of transport. It has pumped tens of billions of dollars into renewable energy – more than any other country, proving strong economic growth does not require high emissions. The transformation is incredible, and one that other countries need to emulate if the world is to reduce resource use while continuing to lift people from poverty.

以(yi)上進步只是中(zhong)國建設(she)生態(tai)文(wen)明，回歸人(ren)與(yu)自(zi)然和(he)諧(xie)共處(chu)宏偉(wei)目(mu)標的(de)一(yi)個(ge)縮(suo)影。中(zhong)國正在打造一(yi)個(ge)資源節(jie)約型(xing)、環境友(you)好型(xing)社會，而生態(tai)環境保護是一(yi)切經濟活動(dong)和(he)人(ren)民美好生活的(de)根基。

These advances are part of China’s ambitious vision to build what it calls an “ecological civilization” – an ambition that harks back to its ancient philosophy of harmony with nature. The modern-day plan is to create a resource-efficient, environmentally-friendly society that recognizes the environment for what it is: the bedrock of our economies and our way of life, and therefore fundamental to our survival.

中國(guo)的(de)經驗打破了(le)一(yi)直以(yi)來經濟(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)必然伴隨著環境(jing)破壞的(de)魔咒。中國(guo)可以(yi)以(yi)自身獨(du)特(te)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)經歷(li)為例(li)，幫助非洲找到適(shi)合自身的(de)工業化道路(lu)，完成跨越式發(fa)展(zhan)。

By sharing its phenomenal development journey, China can help Africa leapfrog the rest of the world. That means helping African nations steer a more considered course to industrialization. China, after all, has suffered more from pollution than most nations, and has done more to tackle it. More broadly, it means showing that the old ways of development accompanied by environmental destruction can be broken.

早期(qi)人類發展(zhan)史通常是這(zhe)樣：人們遷徙(xi)到哪里(li)，就獵殺到哪里(li)。美洲(zhou)的乳齒象和巨河貍，澳大(da)利亞(ya)的袋熊和袋獅(shi)……這(zhe)些(xie)已滅絕的大(da)型動物都是這(zhe)種可悲的發展(zhan)模式的犧牲品。非洲(zhou)象在地(di)球存(cun)在了六千萬年，它們能否(fou)逃過這(zhe)一劫呢(ni)？

Early human history often follows a sad pattern. Humans arrive in new lands and learn how to hunt the local wildlife for food. Large, plodding megafauna – America’s mastodons and giant beavers, Australia’s two-ton wombats and marsupial lions – tend to disappear first. The African elephant, which has roamed the earth for 60 million years, has so far bucked this trend.

歷(li)史是否會(hui)重演，人類(lei)是否會(hui)再從地球上抹(mo)去一個大(da)型物(wu)種，還(huan)要看(kan)生態文明發(fa)(fa)展與社會(hui)發(fa)(fa)展能否和諧共進。

Whether history repeats itself and humans wipe out yet another of the world’s big beasts will depend greatly on how well ecological civilization is married to its development.